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NEW QUESTION # 79
A CCP is providing consulting services to a company who is an OSC. The CCP is preparing the OSC for a CMMC Level 2 assessment. The company has asked the CCP who is responsible for determining the CMMC Assessment Scope and who validates its CMMC Assessment Scope. How should the CCP respond?
- A. "The CMMC C3PAO determines the CMMC Assessment Scope, and the Lead Assessor validates the CMMC Assessment Scope."
- B. "The OSC determines the CMMC Assessment Scope, and the C3PAO validates the CMMC Assessment Scope."
- C. "The OSC determines the CMMC Assessment Scope, and the CCP validates the CMMC Assessment Scope."
- D. "The CMMC Lead Assessor determines the CMMC Assessment Scope, and the OSC validates the CMMC Assessment Scope."
Answer: B
Explanation:
* In aCMMC Level 2 assessment, theOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC)is responsible for identifying theassessment scopebased on theCMMC Scoping Guidanceprovided by theCyber AB (Cyber Accreditation Body) and DoD.
* The OSC must determine which assets and systems handleControlled Unclassified Information (CUI) and categorize them accordingly.
Reference:
CMMC Scoping Guidance for Level 2, which outlines asset categorization and scoping considerations.
Step 2: Role of the C3PAO in Scope ValidationOnce the OSC has determined itsCMMC assessment scope, a CMMC Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)is responsible forvalidatingthe scope during the assessment planning phase.
TheC3PAO reviewsthe OSC's scope to ensure it aligns withDoD's scoping guidance, ensuring that all relevant assets, networks, and policies required forCMMC Level 2 certificationare correctly identified.
If there are discrepancies, the C3PAO works with the OSC to adjust the scope before proceeding with the assessment.
Reference:
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, which describes thescope validation responsibilities of a C3PAO.
Step 3: Why Other Answer Choices Are IncorrectChoice A (Incorrect):A CCP (Certified CMMC Professional) doesnothave the authority to validate the scope. Their role is to guide and consult, but final validation is the C3PAO's responsibility.
Choice C (Incorrect):TheCMMC Lead Assessor(part of the C3PAO team) does notdeterminethe scope; instead, the OSC does.
Choice D (Incorrect):TheC3PAO validates the scopebut doesnot determine it-this is the OSC's responsibility.
Final Confirmation of Correct answer:OSC determines the CMMC Assessment Scope.
C3PAO validates the CMMC Assessment Scope.
Thus, the correct answer isB. "The OSC determines the CMMC Assessment Scope, and the C3PAO validates the CMMC Assessment Scope."
NEW QUESTION # 80
A company is about to conduct a press release. According to AC.L1-3.1.22: Control information posted or processed on publicly accessible systems, what is the MOST important factor to consider when addressing CMMC requirements?
- A. That the information is correct
- B. That the CEO approved the message
- C. That so long as the information is only FCI, it can be released
- D. That the company has to safeguard the release of FCI
Answer: D
Explanation:
* AC.L1-3.1.22states:"Control information posted or processed on publicly accessible systems."
* This control requires organizations toensure that FCI (Federal Contract Information) is not publicly postedor made accessible in an uncontrolled manner.
* FCI must beprotected from unauthorized disclosure, even if it is not classified or CUI.
Reference:
NIST SP 800-171, Requirement 3.1.22
CMMC Level 1 Practice AC.L1-3.1.22
Step 2: Why Safeguarding FCI is Critical in a Press ReleaseIf the company releases apress statementthat includesFCI, it must ensure that the information is not inadvertently exposing sensitive contract-related data.
FCI includesinformation provided by or generated for theDoD under a contractthat isnot intended for public release.
Organizations mustimplement controlsto prevent unintentional exposure.
Step 3: Why Other Answer Choices Are IncorrectA. That the information is correct (Incorrect):
While accuracy is important,CMMC requirements focus on protecting sensitive information, not just ensuring correctness.
B: That the CEO approved the message (Incorrect):
CEO approval does not satisfy CMMC compliance, as it does not address safeguarding FCI.
D: That so long as the information is only FCI, it can be released (Incorrect):
FCI must be protected and cannot be publicly disclosed unless specifically authorizedby the DoD.
Final Confirmation of Correct Answer:The company must safeguard FCI and ensure that no unauthorized disclosures occur in a public press release.
Thus, the correct answer is:C. That the company has to safeguard the release of FCI
NEW QUESTION # 81
According to the Configuration Management (CM) domain, which principle is the basis for defining essential system capabilities?
- A. Essential concern
- B. Least privilege
- C. Least functionality
- D. Separation of duties
Answer: C
Explanation:
Understanding the Principle of Least Functionality in the CM DomainTheConfiguration Management (CM) domainin CMMC 2.0 focuses on maintaining the security and integrity of an organization's systems through controlled configurations and restrictions on system capabilities.
The principle ofLeast Functionalityrefers to limiting a system's features, services, and applications to only those necessary for its intended purpose. This principle reduces the attack surface by minimizing unnecessary components that could be exploited by attackers.
CMMC Practice CM.L2-3.4.6 (Use Least Functionality)explicitly states:"Employ the principle of least functionality by configuring organizational systems to provide only essential capabilities." Thegoalis to prevent unauthorized or unnecessary applications, services, and ports from running on the system.
Examples of Implementation:
Disabling unnecessary services, such as remote desktop access if not required.
Restricting software installation to approved applications.
Blocking unused network ports and protocols.
A). Least Privilege
This principle (associated with Access Control) ensures that users and processes have only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their jobs.
It is relevant to CMMC PracticeAC.L2-3.1.5 (Least Privilege)but does not define system capabilities.
B). Essential Concern
There is no officially recognized cybersecurity principle called "Essential Concern" in CMMC, NIST, or related frameworks.
D). Separation of Duties
This principle (covered under CMMCAC.L2-3.1.4) ensures that no single individual has unchecked control over critical functions, reducing the risk of fraud or abuse.
While important for security, it does not define essential system capabilities.
CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Assessment Guide - Configuration Management (CM) Domain CM.L2-3.4.6 mandatesleast functionalityto enhance security by removing unnecessary features.
NIST SP 800-171 (which CMMC is based on) - Requirement 3.4.6
States:"Limit system functionality to only the essential capabilities required for organizational missions or business functions." NIST SP 800-53 - Control CM-7 (Least Functionality) Provides detailed recommendations on configuring systems to operate with only necessary features.
Justification for the Correct Answer Least Functionality (C)Why Other Options Are IncorrectOfficial CMMC and NIST ReferencesConclusionTheprinciple of Least Functionality (C)is the basis for defining essential system capabilities in theConfiguration Management (CM) domainof CMMC 2.0. By applying this principle, organizations reduce security risks by ensuring that only the necessary functions, services, and applications are enabled.
NEW QUESTION # 82
Which statement BEST describes an assessor's evidence gathering activities?
- A. Test all practices or objectives for a Level 2 practice
- B. Use interviews for assessing a Level 2 practice.
- C. Test certain assessment objectives to determine findings.
- D. Use examinations, interviews, and tests to gather sufficient evidence.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Under theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)andCMMC 2.0 guidelines, assessors must gather objective evidence to validate that an organization meets the required security practices and processes. This evidence collection is performed throughthree primary assessment methods:
* Examination- Reviewing documents, records, system configurations, and other artifacts.
* Interviews- Speaking with personnel to verify processes, responsibilities, and understanding of security controls.
* Testing- Observing system behavior, performing technical validation, and executing controls in real- time to verify effectiveness.
* TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP)states that an assessor must use acombinationof evidence- gathering methods (examinations, interviews, and tests) to determine compliance.
* CMMC 2.0 Level 2(Aligned withNIST SP 800-171) requires assessors to verify not only that policies and procedures exist but also that they are implemented and effective.
* Solely relying ononemethod (like interviews in Option A) is insufficient.
* Testing all practices or objectives (Option B)is unnecessary, as assessors followscoping guidanceto determine which objectives need deeper examination.
* Testing only "certain" objectives (Option C)does not fully align with the requirement of gathering sufficient evidencefrom multiple methods.
* CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, Section 3.5 - Assessment Methodsexplicitly defines the use of examinations, interviews, and tests as the foundation of an effective assessment.
* CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Practices and NIST SP 800-171require assessors to validate the presence, implementation, and effectiveness of security controls.
* CMMC Appendix E: Assessment Proceduresstates that an assessor should use multiple sources of evidence to determine compliance.
Why Option D is CorrectCMMC 2.0 and Official Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationTo ensure compliance withCMMC 2.0 guidelines and official documentation, an assessor must useexaminations, interviews, and teststo gather evidence effectively, makingOption D the correct answer.
NEW QUESTION # 83
A Lead Assessor is planning an assessment and scheduling the test activities. Who MUST perform tests to obtain evidence?
- A. Military personnel assigned to the contractor for that contract to ensure the confidentiality of the CUI
- B. Military personnel and the CCP and/or Lead Assessor to test the adequacy of the written procedure(s)
- C. OSC personnel who do not ordinarily perform that work to evaluate the accuracy of the written procedure(s)
- D. OSC personnel who normally perform that work as the CCP observes
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 84
During a CMMC readiness review, the OSC proposes that an associated enclave should not be applicable in the scope. Who is responsible for verifying this request?
- A. C3PAO
- B. Lead Assessor
- C. Advisory Board
- D. CCP
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 85
As defined in the CMMC-AB Code of Professional Conduct, what term describes any contract between two legal entities?
- A. Alliance
- B. Union
- C. Agreement
- D. Accord
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 86
When scoping the organizational system, the scope of applicability for the cybersecurity CUI practices applies to the components of:
- A. nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI. or that provide protection for the system components.
- B. nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.
- C. federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI. or that provide protection for the system components.
- D. federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.
Answer: A
Explanation:
* TheCMMC 2.0 framework applies to nonfederal systemsthat process, store, or transmitCUI.
* Scoping determineswhich system components must comply with CMMC practices.
* If a systemprocesses, stores, or transmits CUI, orprovides security for those systems, itmust be included in the assessment scope.
* CMMC Applies to Contractors, Not Federal Systems
* CMMC isdesigned for Department of Defense (DoD) contractors, notfederal systems.
* Federal systems arealready governed by NIST SP 800-53and other regulations.
* Scope Includes Systems That Process CUI AND Those That Protect Them
* Systemsprocessing, storing, or transmitting CUIare in scope.
* Systems thatprovide protection for CUI systems(e.g., firewalls, monitoring tools, security appliances) arealso in scope.
* A. Federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.#Incorrect
* CMMCdoes not apply to federal systems.
* B. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI.#Partially correct but incomplete
* Itexcludes security systemsthat protect CUI assets, whichare also in scope.
* C. Federal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components.#Incorrect
* CMMConly applies to nonfederal systems.
* CMMC Scoping Guide (Nov 2021)- Confirms that CMMCapplies to nonfederal systemsprocessingCUI.
* NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2- Specifies security requirements fornonfederal systemshandling CUI.
* DFARS 252.204-7012- Requires DoD contractors to implementNIST SP 800-171onnonfederal systemshandling CUI.
Understanding Scoping in CMMC 2.0Why the Correct Answer is "D. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components"?Why Not the Other Options?Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:SinceCMMC applies to nonfederal systems that process CUI or protect those systems, the correct answer isD. Nonfederal systems that process, store, or transmit CUI, or that provide protection for the system components.
NEW QUESTION # 87
Who is responsible for identifying and verifying Assessment Team Member qualifications?
- A. C3PAO
- B. Lead Assessor
- C. CMMC-AB
- D. CMMC Marketplace
Answer: B
Explanation:
Understanding the Role of the Lead Assessor in CMMC AssessmentsTheLead Assessoris responsible for managing theAssessment Teamand ensuring that all team members meet the required qualifications as defined by theCMMC Accreditation Body (CMMC-AB)and theCybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Assessment Process (CAP) Guide.
Lead Assessor's Key Responsibilities (Per CAP Guide)
Verify team member qualificationsto ensure compliance with CMMC-AB guidelines.
Assignappropriate assessment tasksbased on team members' expertise.
Ensure that theassessment is conducted in accordance with CMMC procedures.
Why Not the Other Options?
A). C3PAO (Certified Third-Party Assessor Organization)#Incorrect
AC3PAOis responsible fororganizing assessmentsand ensuring their execution, but itdoes not verify individual team member qualifications-that responsibility belongs to theLead Assessor.
B). CMMC-AB (CMMC Accreditation Body)#Incorrect
TheCMMC-ABestablishestraining and certification requirements, but itdoes not verify individual assessment team members-that responsibility is given to theLead Assessor.
D). CMMC Marketplace#Incorrect
TheCMMC Marketplacelists authorizedC3PAOs, Registered Practitioners (RPs), and Certified Professionals (CCPs)butdoes not verify assessment team qualifications.
CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide- Defines theLead Assessor's responsibilityfor verifying assessment team qualifications.
CMMC-AB Certification Guide- Specifies that the Lead Assessor must ensure all assessment team members meet CMMC-AB qualification standards.
Why the Correct Answer is "C. Lead Assessor"?Relevant CMMC 2.0 References:Final Justification:Since theLead Assessor is responsible for verifying assessment team member qualifications, the correct answer isC.
Lead Assessor.
NEW QUESTION # 88
A C3PAO Assessment Plan document captures the names of the interviewees, the facilities that will utilized, along with estimated costs and schedule of the assessment. What part of the assessment plan is this?
- A. Identify resources and schedule.
- B. Select and develop the evidence collection approach.
- C. Identify and manage assessment risks.
- D. Select Assessment Team members.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 89
A Lead Assessor is presenting an assessment kickoff and opening briefing. What topic MUST be included?
- A. Overview of the assessment process
- B. Examination of the artifacts for sufficiency
- C. Gathering evidence
- D. Review of the OSC's SSP
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 90
An OSC has submitted evidence for an upcoming assessment. The assessor reviews the evidence and determines it is not adequate or sufficient to meet the CMMC practice. What can the assessor do?
- A. Postpone the assessment.
- B. Cancel the assessment.
- C. Notify the CMMC-AB.
- D. Contact the C3PAO for guidance.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 91
In performing scoping, what should the assessor ensure that the scope of the assessment covers?
- A. All assets processing, storing, or transmitting FCI/CUI and security protection assets
- B. All assets regardless if they do or do not process, store, or transmit FCI/CUI
- C. All assets documented in the business plan
- D. All entities, regardless of the line of business, associated with the organization
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 92
For CMMC Assessments, during Phase 1 of the CMMC Assessment Process, which are responsible for identifying potential conflicts of information?
- A. OSC and CMMC-AB
- B. Lead Assessor and Assessment Team Members
- C. C3PAO and OSC
- D. CMMC-AB and C3PAO
Answer: B
Explanation:
In Phase 1 (Planning) of the CMMC Assessment Process, the Lead Assessor is responsible for managing the team and identifying conflicts of interest. Assessment team members must also disclose potential conflicts.
Supporting Extracts from Official Content:
* CAP v2.0, Planning (ยง2.5-2.8): "The Lead Assessor and Assessment Team Members must identify and disclose any conflicts of interest prior to conducting the assessment." Why Option D is Correct:
* Only the Lead Assessor and assessment team are responsible for identifying conflicts of interest during Phase 1.
* Options A, B, and C incorrectly assign this role to organizations that do not hold the responsibility.
References (Official CMMC v2.0 Content):
* CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) v2.0, Phase 1 Planning responsibilities.
NEW QUESTION # 93
A Level 2 Assessment of an OSC is winding down and the final results are being prepared to present to the OSC. When should the final results be delivered to the OSC?
- A. Either after approval from the C3PAO. or during a separately scheduled final recommended findings review
- B. At the end of every day of the assessment
- C. Either at the final Daily Checkpoint, or during a separately scheduled findings and recommendation review
- D. Daily and during a final separately scheduled review
Answer: C
Explanation:
Understanding the Reporting Process in a CMMC 2.0 Level 2 AssessmentACMMC Level 2 Assessmentconducted by aCertified Third-Party Assessor Organization (C3PAO)follows a structured approach to gathering evidence, evaluating compliance, and reporting findings to theOrganization Seeking Certification (OSC). The reporting process is outlined in theCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, which specifies how findings should be communicated.
* Daily Checkpoints:
* Throughout the assessment, the assessor team holdsdaily checkpoint meetingswith the OSC to provide updates on progress, observations, and preliminary findings.
* These checkpoints help ensure transparency and allow the OSC to address minor issues as they arise.
* Final Results Delivery:
* Thefinal assessment resultsare typically shared during thefinal daily checkpointOR in aseparately scheduled findings and recommendations reviewmeeting.
* This ensures that the OSC receives a structured and complete summary of the assessment findings before the official report is submitted.
* TheCMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, Section 4.5clearly states that assessment findings should be presentedeither at the last daily checkpoint or during a separately scheduled final review.
* This aligns with best practices formaintaining transparency and ensuring the OSC has clarity on their assessment resultsbefore the final report submission.
* Option A (End of every day)is incorrect because while assessors do provide updates, they do not deliver the "final results" daily.
* Option B (Daily and a separate final review)is misleading, as the CAP Guide allows assessors tochoosebetween the final daily checkpoint OR a separate findings review-not both.
* Option D (After C3PAO approval)is incorrect because theC3PAO does not approve findings before they are communicated to the OSC. The assessment team directly presents the results first.
* CMMC Assessment Process (CAP) Guide, Section 4.5: Reporting and Findings Communication
* CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Assessment Process Overview
* CMMC Assessment Final Report Guidelines
Assessment Communication StructureWhy Option C is CorrectOfficial CMMC Documentation ReferencesFinal VerificationBased on officialCMMC 2.0 documentation, thefinal assessment results should be presented to the OSC either at the last daily checkpoint or in a separately scheduled review session, making Option C the correct answer.
NEW QUESTION # 94
Which words summarize categories of data disposal described in the NIST SP 800-88 Revision 1. Guidelines for Media Sanitation?
- A. Clear, purge, destroy
- B. Clear redact, destroy
- C. Clear, overwrite, destroy
- D. Clear, overwrite, purge
Answer: A
Explanation:
Understanding NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1 and Media SanitizationTheNIST Special Publication (SP) 800-88 Revision 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitization, provides guidance onsecure disposalof data from various types of storage media to prevent unauthorized access or recovery.
* Clear
* Useslogical techniquesto remove data from media, making it difficult to recover usingstandard system functions.
* Example:Overwriting all datawith binary zeros or ones on a hard drive.
* Applies to:Magnetic media, solid-state drives (SSD), and non-volatile memorywhen the media isreused within the same security environment.
* Purge
* Usesadvanced techniquesto make data recoveryinfeasible, even with forensic tools.
* Example:Degaussinga magnetic hard drive orcryptographic erasure(deleting encryption keys).
* Applies to:Media that is leaving organizational control or requires a higher level of assurance than "Clear".
* Destroy
* Physicallydamages the mediaso that data recovery isimpossible.
* Example:Shredding, incinerating, pulverizing, or disintegratingstorage devices.
* Applies to:Highly sensitive data that must be permanently eliminated.
* B. Clear, Redact, Destroy (Incorrect)- "Redact" is a term used for document sanitization,notdata disposal.
* C. Clear, Overwrite, Purge (Incorrect)- "Overwrite" is a method within "Clear," but it isnot a top-level categoryin NIST SP 800-88.
* D. Clear, Overwrite, Destroy (Incorrect)- "Overwrite" is a sub-method of "Clear," but "Purge" is missing, making this incorrect.
* The correct answer isA. Clear, Purge, Destroy, as these are thethree official categoriesof data disposal inNIST SP 800-88 Revision 1.
References:
NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1 - Guidelines for Media Sanitization
CMMC 2.0 Security Practices Related to Media Disposal(Aligned with NIST guidance)
NEW QUESTION # 95
When scoping a Level 2 assessment, which document is useful for understanding the process to successfully implement practices required for the various Levels of CMMC?
- A. NISTSP 800-171
- B. NISTSP 800-53
- C. NISTSP 800-88
- D. NISTSP 800-172
Answer: A
Explanation:
CMMC 2.0 Level 2 is directly aligned withNIST Special Publication (SP) 800-171, "Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations."Organizations seeking certification (OSC) at Level 2 must demonstrate compliance with the 110 security requirements specified inNIST SP 800-
171, as mandated byDFARS 252.204-7012.
* Defines the Security Requirements for Protecting CUI:
* NIST SP 800-171 outlines 110 security controls that contractors must implement to protectControlled Unclassified Information (CUI)in nonfederal systems.
* These controls are categorized under14 families, including access control, incident response, and risk management.
* Establishes the Baseline for CMMC Level 2 Compliance:
* CMMC 2.0 Level 2 assessments areentirely based on NIST SP 800-171requirements.
* Every practice assessed in a Level 2 certification maps directly to a requirement fromNIST SP
800-171 Rev. 2.
* Provides Guidance for Implementation & Assessment:
* TheNIST SP 800-171A "Assessment Guide"provides detailed assessment objectives that guide OSCs in preparing for CMMC evaluations.
* It helps define the scope of an assessment by clarifying how each control should be implemented and verified.
* Referenced in CMMC and DFARS Regulations:
* DFARS 252.204-7012requires contractors to implementNIST SP 800-171security requirements.
* TheCMMC 2.0 Level 2modeldirectly incorporates all 110 requirementsfromNIST SP 800-171, ensuring consistency with DoD cybersecurity expectations.
* A. NIST SP 800-53 ("Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations")
* This documentapplies to federal systems, not nonfederal entities handling CUI.
* While it is the foundation for other security standards, it isnot the basis of CMMC Level
2assessments.
* B. NIST SP 800-88 ("Guidelines for Media Sanitization")
* This documentfocuses on secure data destructionand media sanitization techniques.
* While data disposal is important, this standarddoes not define security controls for protecting CUI.
* D. NIST SP 800-172 ("Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting CUI")
* This documentbuilds on NIST SP 800-171and applies to systems needingadvanced cybersecurity protections(e.g., targeting Advanced Persistent Threats).
* It isnot required for standard CMMC Level 2 assessments, which only mandateNIST SP 800-171 compliance.
* NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2(NIST Official Site)
* NIST SP 800-171A (Assessment Guide)(NIST Official Site)
* CMMC 2.0 Level 2 Scoping Guide(Cyber AB)
Why NIST SP 800-171 is Essential for Level 2 Scoping:Explanation of Incorrect Answers:Key References for CMMC Level 2 Scoping:Conclusion:SinceCMMC 2.0 Level 2 assessments are based entirely on NIST SP
800-171, this document is the most relevant resource for scoping Level 2 assessments. Therefore, the correct answer is:
#C. NIST SP 800-171
NEW QUESTION # 96
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